Concerns about the osmolarity of peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) formulas usually relate to the risk of thrombophlebitis, a potential complication of PPN. The incidence of thrombophlebitis is ...

Objective: Whey-based formulas have faster gastric emptying than casein-based formulas. Isoenergetic, isovolumic, whey-based formulas of different osmolarity and fat content empty in a similar manner.

The high‐osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway is a central signal transduction mechanism in yeast that facilitates adaptation to hyperosmotic stress through rapid glycerol accumulation. Activation of the ...